A recent estimate projects the total interest costs at €222 billion to 2058, and the annual principal repayments at around €13.9 billion from 2028 to 2058. Total annual financial needs for NGEU repayment could thus reach up to €30 billion in 2030, which represents more than 20 % of the total payment appropriations (€155 billion) that had been approved for the 2025 EU budget (see Figure 2). For the repayment of the principal, which must occur in a ‘steady and predictable’ manner, various scenarios with different borrowing costs are possible: for instance, equal annual amounts in euro from 2028 to 2058, or an equal share of gross national income (GNI) from 2028 to 2058. In the first scenario, the annual principal repayments are estimated to amount to around €13.9 billion per year from 2028 to 2058, while interest payments would be reduced from €10.4 billion in 2028 to €0.5 billion in 2058. However, if the annual principal repayments were to be a fixed percentage of GNI, such as 0.044 % of projected GNI each year from 2028 to 2058, they would rise from €8.7 billion in 2028 to €20.9 billion in 2058. In that scenario, interest payments would be higher, peaking at around €10.7 billion in 2032 and 2033, before falling to approximately €0.98 billion in 2058.
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