Breakdown of institutional space budgets

The European space economy is facing the consequences of a low level of public investment across its Member States. The latest available data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) show that, in 2022, while the US government’s space budget totalled between 0.20 % and 0.25 % of GDP, Member States with the highest government space budgets (France and Luxembourg) spent less than 0.1 % of their GDP. The structure of public investment in space also matters. As shown in Figure 2, the share of military programmes’ public investment in space over the last five years is higher than that of civil programmes. Closing such programmes to foreign businesses therefore gives an advantage to their respective domestic space ecosystems.