European Parliamentary Research Service By / October 10, 2025

Timelines of major economies successive waves of NDC submissions

Timelines of major economies’ successive waves of NDC submissions

Timelines of major economies' successive waves of NDC submissions

The EU has traditionally been among the first Parties to submit an NDC, demonstrating leadership by setting ambitious targets. Since unilateral ambition of one Party leads to costs for that Party while benefiting all other Parties, many tend to wait until other NDCs have been submitted (see Figure 1). The EU’s NDC 3.0 was delayed by concerns about the competitiveness of European industry, a reset of the European Green Deal, and the link with the EU’s proposed 2040 climate target.

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European Parliamentary Research Service

European Parliamentary Research Service
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