The degre of liberalisation of passenger rail markets can be summed up as folows:
• fully liberalised markets exist only in the UK and Sweden, where all passenger-kilometres are in ‘open access’, or where all PSCs are competitively tendered.
• largely liberalised markets can be found in Austria, Italy and Germany where more than 33% of passenger-kilometres are in ‘open access’ or correspond to competitively tendered PSCs.
• partially liberalised markets can be observed in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Portugal, where less than 33% of passenger-kilometres are in ‘open access’ or correspond to competitively tendered PSCs, but where new entrants have taken a significant share of the liberalised traffic.
• quasi-liberalised markets exist in Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, where the whole market is open through ‘open access’, but there is no effective competition in the market, i.e. the new entrants are operating directly awarded PSCs.
• non-liberalised markets can be found in Belgium, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Spain, where the incumbent operates all commercial services and provides all public service obligations.
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