Granting residence permits to non-EU citizens who make substantial investments seems to be a common practice for a number of EU Member States (MS). Some of them, like recently Malta, go further by granting third-country investors full citizenship although mostly after first granting residence rights (e.g. Austria, Bulgaria and Cyprus). Since Article 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union confers the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Union directly on every EU citizen and their family members, granting full citizenship rights to third country nationals in theory enables unrestricted access to the entire EU.
Requirements for granting residence permits vary from one country to another. In Greece, a residence permit can be granted to a third-country national acquiring a real estate property of minimum €250.000, the United Kingdom applies a “Tier 1” investor scheme to wealthy third-country nationals if they can potentially invest at least £1.000.000. Eligibility for the Residency Bond Programme in Hungary does not require exceptional investments. A third country national can simply become a resident by paying a programme participation fee of €300.000, of which €250.000 is given back after 5 years.
Through these specific programmes, host MS intend to benefit from investments made by wealthy third country nationals, but the results of these schemes are not uncontroversial. The money laundering potential of these schemes is also a source of concern. Nevertheless, it is the factor of unwanted migration in the Schengen area which has become arguably the most controversial side-effect of such schemes. Malta recently amended its Citizenship Act to attract investors not with residence permits, but directly with full-fledged citizenship in exchange of a total investment of €650.000 (amendments raising the requirements to €1.150.000 have been announced by the Maltese government). However, despite being the most debated, the Maltese scheme is not the only one of its kind in the EU. Cyprus, for example, has recently developed a “Scheme for naturalisation of non-Cypriot investors by exception”. Its citizenship can be acquired with a minimum of €5.000.000 direct investments, though only by investors having a permanent privately-owned residence in Cyprus.
This Keysource offers legislative documents and country-specific analyses related to these schemes.
Overview
Should Citizenship be for Sale ? / Ayelet Shachar and Rainer Bauböck, EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2014/01
This paper contains comments on the topic and an overview of a debate held in November 2013 at the initiative of the EUDO Citizenship observatory.
EU citizenship: on sale now / Ana Baric, 16 November 2013, Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP)
Starting off with the Maltese example, this article then goes into defining who are the “exceptional” persons eligible for “investor citizenship”, which countries are and have historically been offering similar citizenship-awarding policies, and what are the ramifications of such schemes within and outside the European Union.
The growing trend of offering citizenship to foreign investors in European countries fuels controversy / European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship, 18 November 2013
Citizenship for sale: how unique is Malta? / James Debono, MaltaToday, 12 November 2013
This article offers comparative analysis of the citizenship-selling schemes of Malta, Belgium, Portugal, Canada, Singapore, ST Kitts & Navis, Austria.
EU citizenship goes on sale, price war breaks out / Wolf Richter, Testosterone Pit, 13 November 2013
This article analyses EU trends in citizenship-selling.
European citizenship: sold to the super wealthy / Julia Mahncke and Christian Ignatzi, Deutsche Welle Act, 15 November 2013
This article reviews the citizenship-selling schemes of a number of EU countries and focuses on the inequality these programmes create among the third country nationals aspiring towards EU citizenship.
Citizenship by investment: Can money buy citizenship? / Jelena Dzankic, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship, 15 February 2012
This consists in an analysis of the criteria which have to be fullfiled (is residence mandatory ? Has a real estate to be purchased ?) in order to get an “investor citizenship” in different countries throughout the world.
Country reports
Residence permit granting schemes
Greece
Legislative framework
Residence permit in Greece by real estate acquisition or strategic investment (Law 4146/2013) / Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, July 2013
Overview
For just €250,000 you can buy a home in Greece and become an EU resident / Fearguss O’Sullivan, Quartz, 3 September 2013
Hungary
Legislative framework
Law amendment to Act No. 2 of 2007 on the Admission and Right of Residence of Third-Country Nationals / Parliament of Hungary, 28 December 2012
Overview
Your Safe Pass to Europe: The Hungarian Residency Bond Program has Now been Launched / PRWeb, 31 July 2013
Latvia
Legislative framework
Immigration Law, Latvijas Vestnesis, 169 (2744), 20.11.2002 (in English)
Law that permits obtaining residence permits for foreigners if they purchase a real estate.
Portugal
Legislative framework
Order 1661-A/2013 (amends Order 11820-A/2012) / Immigration and Borders Service of Portugal
Overview
Golden Residence Permit programme / Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras
The scheme in the media
Portugal offers golden visas to rich foreigners / Claire Gatinois, The Guardian, 10 December 2013
Spain
Legislative Framework
Proyecto de Ley de apoyo a los emprendedores y su internacionalización. (121/000052) / Congreso de los Diputados
The scheme in the media
Plans to grant investor residency could revive Spain’s real estate market / Carla Passino, Forbes, 8 June 2013
United Kingdom
Legislative framework
Tier 1 investor policy / UK Border Agency, Home Office
The scheme in the media
Want to buy citizenship? It helps if you’re one of the super-rich / Tom Meltzer, The Guardian
Citizenship granting schemes
Austria
Legislative framework
Federal law concerning the Austrian nationality (Nationality act 1985)
The scheme in the media
Österreich im Angebot / Von Christoph Zotter, Zeit, 15 March 2012
Bulgaria
Legislative Framework
Amendments to the Investor program for residence and citizenship in Bulgaria / State Gazette, issue 16 [available only in Bulgarian]
Bulgaria: The new legislative amendments are now official / Arton Capital Bulgaria
Overview
Bulgarian citizenship or residency by investment / Trifonov Law Offices
Comparison Of Bulgarian Investor Program VS Other Investor Programmes With Other Program / IndiaMart
Cyprus
Legislative framework
Grant of the Cypriot citizenship to non–Cypriot entrepreneurs / investors through the “Scheme for Naturalization of Investors in Cyprus by exception” / Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Cyprus
Analysis
Naturalisation procedures for immigrants: Cyprus / Nicoletta Charalambidou, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, January 2013
Malta
Legislative framework
Act to amend the Maltese Citizenship Act, Cap 188
The scheme in the media
Maltese passport and life as an EU citizen for anyone with £546,000 / Colin Freeman, The Telegraph, 13 November 2013
Malta’s sale of EU passports causes controversy / Andrew Rettman, EUobserver, 7 January, 2014
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new video about Cyprus Citizenship or European Passport: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qLruADqsks
[…] because of the hassle free nature of the application process. While investments schemes aren’t without controversy, they are popular, as of 2016, Hungary has sold 3,429 bonds. The bonds are issued by the Hungarian […]
I really like this post. I agree that the statement should be made in this post about Citizenship, Thanks !
Note that the European programmes are continually evolving as countries compete and there have been programme updates for Portugal, Greece, Malta and soon Hungary. There is also the likelihood of two new programmes being introduced in Europe this year. You can stay up to date with news on http://www.goldenvisas.com
[…] but it is not the only one. Other EU states also have citizenship schemes and/or residence permits for sale. This practice, although quite common in the world, is broadly criticized by some and defended by […]
http://www.helpers.hu and http://www.immigratetoeurope.com state that there is no more finance option and also that in Hungary buying property for residency is NOT possible.
Thank you for your comment. We looked closely at your links, however, we feel they don’t support your assertion. Please also note that this keysource was published almost a year ago and was not updated since.
[…] EU Citizenship and residence permits for sale – not all immigrants to EU Member States are poor and stateless; non-EU citizens who make substantial investments can expect to be granted residence in some EU states. Our post contains information on all the issues, for and against. […]
Hungarian Residency Bonds Program became so successful that the government will rise the face value of the bonds from 2015. Until August 2014 the government’s Dept Management Agency sold 1102 residence bonds, each for EUR250.000. From 1st of January the price will rise to EUR300,000/per bond. If someone is interested in always fresh news about the Hungarian Residency Bonds Program: http://www.discusholdings.com/
in Bulgaria. So long as applicants can deposit sufficient funds, they need only visit the east European country for two days to obtain all the rights of EU citizens. … As with the first option, they can apply for Bulgarian citizenship after five years. learn more from http://www.high-net-worth-immigration.com
Very useful overview – but you are missing the EUDO Citizenship Forum Working paper (http://eudo-citizenship.eu/images/docs/Citizenship-for-Sale-RSCAS_2014_01.pdf) published this week which covers all the arguments in full and brings out some you might not previously have thought of!
Thanks, Jo! This was published just after we finalized this keysource. We added the WP among our sources now…
Thanks!